Abstract:
The survey of social classes is a type of division and categorization in which the social role and position is hierarchically studied. The social class can be a group of people holding similar social bases. The literature of each nation creates the context wherein the system and social and cultural values of the old periods could be studied. Actually, the works of authors and poets are reflections of social situation and represent the social bases of a society wherein they had lived. Divan of Hafez is one of valuable works which can, by contemplation, provide a knowledge about the social classes of the eighth century, the life period of Hafez. Perceiving the social and historical points would undoubtedly be helpful in understanding the multilayer sonnets of Hafez. The topic of current paper is a survey of social classes in Divan of Hafez. These classes include kings, ministers, sufis , ascetics, preachers, lawyers and judges, muhtasibs, mystics sufi scholars, poets and libertines. Comprehending the characteristics of the mentioned classes depends on the poems, their classification and analysis, finally. However, other sources were used to confirm and interpret Hafez’s idea in certain cases. Various social classes of the eight century are reflected in Divan of Hafez. He has accounted features and flaws for them and tries to accept or reject them based on these criteria. The sufi, ascetics and libertines classes are more prominent among the other groups. The general idea of Hafez is not positive about kings, although he has extoled some. The sufis, ascetics, preachers, muhtasibs and the city imams, as the representatives of religious power, are negatively reflected in Divan. The libertine, as his innovation, is his favorite class. Definitely, knowing different classes and layers of Hafez era out of Divan of Hafez verses leads to acknowledging the poetic atmosphere of Hafez and consequently a better comprehension of his poems.
 

As one of the most popular and prominent poetic type in Persian literature, sonnet has been always involved in romantic contents and affective relationship between the lover and the beloved. Although precious researches have been done on sonnet and the process of its transition and evolution, yet morality, which is considered as a branch in didactic literature, hasn’t been examined in such a popular type of poetry; therefore, the author of this essay has attempted to do a short survey on the process of the sonnets in Persian poetry, present a background of didactic literature, and examine the sonnets (4000 sonnets) of the famous poets in the sixth and seventh centuries, then examine the didactic and moral contents which are basic in these works. Consequently, it's become obvious that sonnet is a rich treasure of advisable words and morality; 20 % of these sonnets (in the 6th and 7th centuries) contain morality. The most variety of moral contents and concepts are found in 21.5% of Mowlavi's, 20.4% of Attar's, 16.1% of Saadi's, and 11.5% of Sanaaei's. The frequency of moral verses in the sonnets of Saadi is 24.2, Attar 23.9, and Mowlavi 20.6. As a result, Sannaei is the pioneer in the field of didactic and moral sonnets, Mowlavi has the most variety of moral contents, and in making use of the mentioned moralities Saadi takes precedents over others.

Allegory as a method of expression, has long been regarded speakers. This kind of visualization capacities with maximum coverage enables the speaker to pave the way to a lasting ease of expression and consequently achieve the target audience in mind the double purpose desired .These studies investigate the "Allegory of the functions of the Court, Ibn Yamin Fryvmdy . A study this particular form of expression due to his attention to the application of other techniques of expression him in order to the over the Court of fresh conclusions poetic allegory and their functions in different pellets are necessary. The first chapter concerns the poet biography The second chapter defines allegory, background check and its variants, opinions of experts on the subject and then set the range in either branch of rhetoric and speech, dedicated. Third quarter revenue is based on three concepts, structure, content and function of metaphor in court poet, Chapter IV also contains evidence and examples of the application of this method in the Court of Ibn Yamin The writer of this season with the loss of a significant number of allegorical Shardr over the Court The four main form of ballad, song lyric and quatrain been developed, a beautiful set of application of this method has assembled in the court of Ibn Yamin. Chapter V includes statistical charts is that the results of research. The figures in the survey content, structure, and function of the parable of the Court of Ibn Yamin play The sixth season as evidence in court poet and examples given.