Parables are the most ancient aspects of general cultures of a nation which are compatible with particular and public tastes. This is why they are so common among people and survive throughout a nation for centuries and ages. Parables and allegories have similes, metaphors, ironies, words and phrases which are compromising with joys, sadness, and facts of almost all the nation and, indeed, people want to avoid mistake, ignorance, unawareness by using those parables and phrases. Various nations have left numerous social, cultural, scientific and literal influences on each other as a result of communication, immigration, war, trade, etc. Parables, as well, as the oldest components of literature and the interest of the mass of society having moral, cultural, and educational concepts in them, are not free from these changes; and their significance outgrows in comparing them with the literature of another nation and figuring out their affinities and differences. A comparative study of Persian and Arabic parables reveals cultural, thinking, and social affinities and disparities between Iranians and Arabs. Thus, referring to parables and finding out their roots and matches are necessary subjects. This thesis investigates parables and allegories in the poetry of Saljooqi era, compares Persian and Arabic examples and finds the conceptual roots of some of them. The studies showed the significant role of parables in survival of ancient words and compounds and the influential part contribution of poets in gathering parables and allegories. The Persian poets have frequently used parables in their allegorical poems, and have used them to beautify their words, and express their skill and domination on Arabic language. They have used parables in different forms such as allegory, submitting proverbs, irony, or talmayh. Some of their thoughtful poems have gradually become as common parables, and eventually have tried in preserving this valuable essence.

Abstract:
Kashf ul Mahjoob is one the most ancient and valid book on Sufism. Its prose is known as one of the best examples of Persian writing in fifth century, and is written in the way considered by the name simple prose or Morsal prose in literary language. Its prose takes different forms in diverse parts and has a direct relation with speech discourse. This book has coherent and consistent structure despite of its diversity of subjects and prose. In this research, study of grammatical structure of Kashf ul Mahjoob has been examined that contained 8 chapters, in which different types of word and sentence have been discussed according to historical and traditional structure of Persian language. Researcher tried to introduce all structural determinations and aspects of this prose thanks to accessible witness. The tables were prepared in statistical method, at the end of 8 chapters in order to show the application frequency of different words in Kashf ul Mahjoob. Anyway, this book belongs to simple Persian prose and to Morsal prose, but in some cases, the factors such as: ideological struggle with scientific phrases, make sometimes reader to find that book, different with textual form of this type of prose.
 

The language is the major means of communication between humans. language is used not only for communication purposes but also for creating cultures, composing artistic texts, etc. besides, linguists categorize languageto types, dialect, and accent. Iran is a vast countery with diverse accents. Behbahani is one of them. Considering that Very Language has its own unique grammer and linguistic features, in this study, I have attempted to analyze the grammatical features of Behbahani dialect by looking throgh famous local poems. I have also compared the grammer of Behbahani to standard Persian. Furthermore, I hope this attempet help the accent to remain genuine : Because Ibelieve evry language must be saved by its speakers and people who think or write in that language. Studying the accent isnot an easy job: lack of enough being ignored by academic people, etc are of the main reasons of difficulty. In this study, the poetry has been selected for the linguistic context of analysis, because it has a great impact on the readers or hearers. It contains passion, verse, and feeling. Moreover,due to its influence, its trace is much more long_ lasting. Through poems, occasionally,we meet very archaic also been words that are not used in the current languages anymore. It is worth mentioning that, the body of dialectology literature for Behbahani contains mostly dictionaries,proverbs, culturaltopics, poems. How ever,concerning the aim of this study, the bodyof the mentioned literature is very narrow. Thus, to bridge this gap, and also because of a personal attachment to my own culture, I have attempted to do my bestfor this acent. Additionally, considering the sevencategories of words in standard Persian, the words of this accent are analyzed.In all types of analysis,similarties and differces between the accent and the standard Persian, and also the reason of different words and utterance in local poems have been explained.

Abstract
Beauty demand is a literary discourse and constant with request themes by having special audience. This literary figure was appeared in kind of different types in poetic formats as a variable in spiritual rhetoric in basic of special traits such as request and audience. The demand is located in center of this literary figure as a useful word. Components of form of poem such as words and language combinations, image, music and speech rhythm, emotion and sensation, tone and situation of discourse that make its beauty, are influenced by factors such as personality of poet, his poetic style, audience, wish and desire of poet, social, economic and political conditions ruling on society which the poet is living in, make expressing of demand by different artistic styles such as irony, denial, obligation, favor, threat… It is studying analysis of used artistic styles by poets to express demand.in sic chapters in this dissertation. As the old definitions of beauty demand possess many kinds of faults and shortcoming, the new categorize of functional-artistic styles of this literary figure and their analysis was done according to definition presented by writer.
 

Self-praised and belligerent are two more applicable literary kinds in Persian poetry that poets have been created varies books about it. Among context of self-praised in old Persian poets, we could mention the praise the essence of poetry and speech, degree of praised person, high ambition, poet magnanimity of taste, facts of knowledge, merit and…..that these context are different in application. On the other hands, belligerent that is the secondary things of self-praised is along with jealousy of envy people, debasement of others, and his superiority over other poets. Of course the poets who think of high or valuable place for him, are more belligerent. On the other hands, these poets used from imaginary elements of irony and likening for proving of his superiority and for expression of art and knowledge. New likening and metaphor about self-praised and belligerent have been created.

Mahmood Dowlatabadi has paid a lot of attention to various aspects of folklore. Different elements of folklore are manifested in his outstanding works. The manifestation of the folklore in Dowlatabadi's works encompasses all aspects of people's lives i.e. tradition and ceremonies, people's beliefs, medicines and remedies, games and leisure activities, foods, clothes, etc. In fact, the author lives in a society, where people are the main characters of the stories and that is why mass cultural issues are so widespread in his works. Dowlatabafi's meticulous cognition and his deeply emotional, behavioral and moral relationship with the people of his time, have been leading to the diverse representation of mass lives in his works. As a consequence, these elements help the author promote not only his works but also his domestic and national culture. Owing to the fact that there is a close relationship between mass culture and outstanding works of Dowlatabadi (Kalidar, Roozegare separi shodeye mardome salkhorde and Jaye khaliye Salouch), this research attempts to investigate the elements of the folklore in three mentioned works of Dowlatabadi.

 

The first and the most important step in doing a scientific research is familiarity with the research sources. Hence, the more valid and reliable the resources are, the scientific soundness and value of the research will be increased. Since ¬printed complete poetical works is one of the best and most available sources about the poems of poets in different eras. The study of proper content of poems left from a poet contributes readers and researchers to understand that poet's thoughts and emotions. Over the past years, the correctors of ¬printed complete poetical works have tried hard to collect, compile, and publish the most complete and accurate works of a poet by studying different available sources and present it to readers and researchers. In each decent, valuable, and reliable scientific correction, observing some principles and features is essential, and familiarity with and knowing these principles - some of which are regarding the apparent and superficial aspects of the works, and some are about the content, structural and occasionally artistic aspects of the works - exceedingly clarifies different angles of that printed works for the readers and researchers and gives them a better insight to select an appropriate correction. In the present study, the author has done a descriptive-critical bibliography on complete poetical works of eighteen poets from the Samanid and Ghaznavid eras using a library searching method, and besides describing different aspects of the mentioned works, at the end of each chapter, structural, contain, and occasionally artistic aspects of the works are introduced and discussed in brief.

This thesis studies and analysis Mohammed Ali Bahmani's poetry style. The first chapter entitled new intentions in Persian poetry, discusses historical, social and political backgrounds of new intentions in Persian poetry in Mashroote, Nimayi new poetry and its features, new poetry after Nima and contemporary lyrics. The second chapter entitled Mohammed Ali Bahmani, discusses his life and works and his activities and the experts ideas about him. The third chapter discusses the stylistic elements, like lingual, imaginary, rhetorical, musical, social, thoughts and structural ones. It also discusses Bahmani's effects from the other poets. At the end of each stylistic element analysis, a table or a chart about the frequency of this element usage is mentioned. Ultimately, it is concluded that Bahmani was not so interested in archaism and he mostly intended to easy and contemporary language. He also did not exaggerated in using the imagery. Finally, it can be mentioned that Repetition is beautifully and effectively used in his poetry.

 

Abstract
Hamid mosadeq’s poem style would be dealt with in this thesis. His style elements were first analyticlally considered and then described and analyzed determining frequency tables. This study was presented in threesections which are as follows: the first section titled as perisan modern poem from scratch to date briefly referred modernism in contemporary Persian poem motivations and backgrounds to be a base for other sections. In the second one, titled as hamid mosadeq, his life and affairs affected his poem style in any way, were moved on in the third one, cognitive style elements such as linguistic, expressive, visual, musical, social , ideal and morphological elements were take into account. After performing consideration Hamid mosadeq could be said among the second generation Niam poets and positioned in such location where mehdi Akhavan sales, siavash kastaee and Fereidoon moshirei, three the first generation nima poets are positioned in its summit. Albeit most of contemporary poem critics and analysers regard mosadeq as new-ancient style followere which is an amalgam of ancient poem characteristics, Nima poem ones and lyric ones.